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Arlington County Schools de-segregated racially at Stratford Junior High School in February 1959 with the admission of five black students, Lance Newman and Michael Jones. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Kansas), which overturned Plessy, Ferguson's previous ruling that facilities could be racially separated but equal. Brown v. Board of Education declared that "racially distinct educational facilities are inherently unequal."
Arlington County School Board, an elected body, assumed that the state would listen to localities. In January 1956, plans were announced to integrate Arlington schools. The state responded by suspending the county's right for an elected school board. The Arlington County Board was the county's ruling body and appointed segregationists as school board members. This prevented plans for desegregation. Lawyers for the Arlington County Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People filed suit for a group of parents of black and white students to end segregation.
Black students were denied admission to white schools. However, the lawsuit was brought before the U.S. District Court. The court ruled that Arlington schools would be desegregated by the 1958-1959 academic year. Both the U.S. District Court as well as the Virginia Supreme Court had ruled in favor of Virginia's massive resistance movement that opposed racial inclusion. Arlington County Central Library has written materials and accounts from its Oral History Project about the desegregation battle in the county.