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Elba was founded near a ferry crossing the Pea River in the early 1830s. The town was originally called Bridgeville. In 1841, the U.S. Post Office was established in the area. A lottery was held in 1851 to choose a new name. After reading Napoleon Bonaparte's biography, one citizen suggested Elba as the name. It was chosen from a hat ahead of all the others. In 1852, Elba was elected county seat for Coffee County.
Elba was first visited by a logging railroad on March 20, 1892. The first permanent railway line arrived in October 1898. At the end of the railroad line was the "Dorsey Truck Company". This company produced the trailers used on highways and railroads, starting with the piggyback railroad and containerized cargo boom in the second half of the 20th century. The "New Town" section of West Elba was where the new railroad line terminated. On November 27, 1984, the Seaboard System Railroad stopped all railroad services to Elba. The history of Elba is incomplete without the Pea River. Creek Indians called the river the Talakatchee River. Pea River floods frequently, causing severe damage to the town. The first flood to decimate the town was the Lincoln flood of 1865. It was named after the assassination in that year of Abraham Lincoln. Another terrible flood took place in 1929 when the river reached a height of 43.5 feet on March 15. The town was completely submerged and supplies were dropped by planes. One person died in the flood: an African-American named Phoe Larkins. After the biblical character Noah, a child who was born at Elba Hotel during the flood was named Noah Tucker. Vivian Harper was awarded the Theodore N. Vail silver medal for her heroic actions during the flood.
In 1930, a levee was constructed around the town. Flood gates were built and drainage systems were improved. However, floods continued with particularly severe flooding in 1975, 1958, and 1959. With a river crest measuring 48 feet, 1990 was the worst flood to be recorded in Elba. Whitewater Creek burst through the levee and flooded the town. Elba was almost destroyed after being completely submerged for four days. Elba was hit again by floods in 1998 and 1994.
